{"id":126,"date":"2023-08-05T16:07:44","date_gmt":"2023-08-05T08:07:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/book.hgostand.com\/?p=126"},"modified":"2023-09-30T23:30:21","modified_gmt":"2023-09-30T15:30:21","slug":"%e4%bc%91%e8%b0%9f%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e5%ae%b6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hjbs.oxoooo.com\/index.php\/2023\/08\/05\/%e4%bc%91%e8%b0%9f%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e5%ae%b6\/","title":{"rendered":"\u4f11\u8c1f"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u751f\u5e73<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u5927\u885b\u00b7\u4f11\u8c1f\uff08\u82f1\u8a9e\uff1aDavid Hume\uff0c\/hju\u02d0m\/\uff1b1711\u5e745\u67087\u65e5\u20141776\u5e748\u670825\u65e5\uff09\u662f\u8607\u683c\u862d\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u8607\u683c\u862d\u555f\u8499\u904b\u52d5\u4ee5\u53ca\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b78\u6b77\u53f2\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u73fe\u4ee3\u5c0d\u65bc\u4f11\u8b28\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\u805a\u7126\u65bc\u5176\u54f2\u5b78\u601d\u60f3\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u6700\u5148\u662f\u4ee5\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u8eab\u5206\u6210\u540d\u3002\u4ed6\u6240\u8457\u7684\u300a\u82f1\u683c\u862d\u53f2\u300b\u4e00\u66f8\u5728\u7576\u6642\u6210\u70ba\u82f1\u683c\u862d\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u754c\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u8457\u4f5c\u9577\u905460\u81f370\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5011\u4e00\u822c\u5c07\u4f11\u8b28\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u6b78\u985e\u70ba\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u61f7\u7591\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e3b\u5f35\u502b\u7406\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e5f\u662f\u4f11\u8b28\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4f11\u8b28\u7684\u5b78\u8005\u7d93\u5e38\u5206\u70ba\u90a3\u4e9b\u5f37\u8abf\u61f7\u7591\u6210\u5206\u7684\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u908f\u8f2f\u5be6\u8b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff09\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u90a3\u4e9b\u5f37\u8abf\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6210\u5206\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f11\u8b28\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u53d7\u5230\u7d93\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7d04\u7ff0\u00b7\u6d1b\u514b\u548c\u55ac\u6cbb\u00b7\u8c9d\u514b\u840a\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u6cd5\u570b\u4f5c\u5bb6\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u5438\u6536\u4e86\u5404\u7a2e\u82f1\u683c\u862d\u77e5\u8b58\u5206\u5b50\u5982\u827e\u85a9\u514b\u00b7\u725b\u9813\u3001\u6cd5\u862d\u897f\u65af\u00b7\u54c8\u5947\u68ee\u3001\u4e9e\u7576\u00b7\u65af\u5bc6\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e3b\u5f20\u89c2\u70b9<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u56e0\u679c\u554f\u984c
\u4f11\u8b28\u4e3b\u5f35\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u90fd\u76f8\u4fe1\u53ea\u8981\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7269\u4f34\u96a8\u8457\u53e6\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7269\u800c\u4f86\uff0c\u5169\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7269\u4e4b\u9593\u5fc5\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u4e00\u7a2e\u95dc\u806f\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5f8c\u8005\u4f34\u96a8\u524d\u8005\u51fa\u73fe\uff08post hoc ergo propter hoc\u2014\u5b83\u5728\u90a3\u4e4b\u5f8c\u800c\u4f86\uff0c\u6545\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u5f9e\u6b64\u800c\u4f86\uff09\u3002\u4f11\u8b28\u5728\u300a\u4eba\u6027\u8ad6\u300b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f8c\u4f86\u6d1b\u514b\u7684\u300a\u4eba\u985e\u7406\u89e3\u8ad6\u300b\u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d\u53cd\u99c1\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\u96d6\u7136\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7269\u96a8\u8457\u53e6\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7269\u800c\u4f86\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u537b\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u9019\u5169\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7269\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u806f\u3002\u800c\u4f9d\u64da\u4ed6\u61f7\u7591\u8ad6\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ea\u80fd\u5920\u76f8\u4fe1\u90a3\u4e9b\u4f9d\u64da\u6211\u5011\u89c0\u5bdf\u6240\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u4f11\u8b28\u4e3b\u5f35\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u65bc\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u53ea\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u6211\u5011\u671f\u5f85\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7269\u4f34\u96a8\u53e6\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7269\u800c\u4f86\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u7f77\u4e86\u3002\u300c\u6211\u5011\u7121\u5f9e\u5f97\u77e5\u56e0\u679c\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u5f97\u77e5\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u7e3d\u662f\u6703\u9023\u7d50\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u5728\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u88e1\u53c8\u662f\u5f9e\u4e0d\u66fe\u5206\u958b\u904e\u7684\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u770b\u900f\u9023\u7d50\u9019\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u7406\u6027\u70ba\u4f55\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ea\u80fd\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u9019\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u767c\u73fe\u9019\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u7e3d\u662f\u900f\u904e\u4e00\u7a2e\u7d93\u5e38\u7684\u9023\u7d50\u800c\u88ab\u6211\u5011\u5728\u60f3\u50cf\u4e2d\u6b78\u985e\u3002\u300d\uff08Hume, 1740: 93\uff09\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u8aaa\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7269\u9020\u5c31\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6240\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7269\u8ddf\u53e6\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7269\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u6240\u95dc\u9023\u3002\u4f11\u8b28\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u300c\u6052\u5e38\u8fde\u7ed3\u300d\uff08constant conjunction\uff09\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\uff0c\u6052\u5e38\u9023\u7d50\u4ee3\u8868\u7576\u6211\u5011\u770b\u5230\u67d0\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7269\u7e3d\u662f\u300c\u9020\u6210\u300d\u53e6\u4e00\u4e8b\u7269\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7269\u7e3d\u662f\u8207\u53e6\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7269\u300c\u6052\u5e38\u8fde\u7ed3\u300d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u7406\u7531\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u78ba\u9020\u6210\u53e6\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u5169\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7269\u5728\u672a\u4f86\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u6703\u4e00\u76f4\u300c\u4e92\u76f8\u9023\u7d50\u300d\uff08Popkin & Stroll, 1993: 268\uff09\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u76f8\u4fe1\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e26\u975e\u56e0\u70ba\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u672c\u8cea\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u6240\u990a\u6210\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u7fd2\u6163\u548c\u4eba\u6027\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\uff08Popkin & Stroll, 1993: 272\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\u96d6\u7136\u300c\u6052\u5e38\u8fde\u7ed3\u300d\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u4e00\u822c\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u4f11\u8b28\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u65e9\u5728\u4f11\u8b28\u4e4b\u524d\u4fbf\u5df2\u63d0\u51fa\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u9081\u8499\u5c3c\u5fb7\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u4fbf\u8209\u51fa\u4e86\u5e7e\u540d\u540c\u6a23\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u300c\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u300d\u7684\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728Guide for the Perplexed\u4e00\u66f8\u88e1\u9019\u6a23\u5beb\u9053\uff1a\u300c\u7c21\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u8aaa\u300e\u9019\u500b\u300f\u662f\u9020\u6210\u300e\u90a3\u500b\u300f\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u300d\u5f9e\u9019\u4e9b\u4f0a\u65af\u862d\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u9020\u7269\u4e3b\u6240\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6771\u897f\u90fd\u662f\u7368\u7acb\u800c\u4e0d\u76f8\u9023\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9019\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u9593\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u9023\u7d50\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6b78\u7d0d\u554f\u984c
\u5728\u300a\u4eba\u985e\u7406\u89e3\u8ad6\u300b\u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f11\u8b28\u4e3b\u5f35\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u601d\u8003\u6d3b\u52d5\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u70ba\u5169\u7a2e\uff1a\u8ffd\u6c42\u300c\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u9023\u7d50\u300d\uff08Relation of Ideas\uff09\u8207\u300c\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u771f\u76f8\u300d\uff08Matters of Fact\uff09\u3002\u524d\u8005\u727d\u6d89\u5230\u7684\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u6982\u5ff5\u8207\u6578\u5b78\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u4ee5\u76f4\u89ba\u548c\u908f\u8f2f\u6f14\u7e79\u70ba\u4e3b\uff1b\u5f8c\u8005\u5247\u662f\u4ee5\u7814\u7a76\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u70ba\u4e3b\u3002\u800c\u70ba\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u88ab\u4efb\u4f55\u6211\u5011\u6240\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u771f\u76f8\u6216\u5728\u6211\u5011\u904e\u53bb\u7d93\u9a57\u4e2d\u4e0d\u66fe\u5bdf\u89ba\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u4f7f\u7528\u6b78\u7d0d\u601d\u8003\u3002\u800c\u4f11\u8b28\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u4eba\u6027\u8ad6\u300b\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u4e86\u5eb7\u5fb7\u6700\u559c\u6b61\u7684\u653b\u64ca\u5c0d\u8c61\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9
\u4f11\u8b28\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u8607\u683c\u862d\u555f\u8499\u904b\u52d5\u6210\u54e1\u6216\u8a31\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u958b\u59cb\u4e3b\u5f35\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u4ee5\u5176\u529f\u5229\u4f86\u505a\u70ba\u89e3\u91cb\u8ad6\u64da\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u3002\u4f11\u8b28\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u904e\u65bc\u9ad8\u4f30\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6cd5\u862d\u897f\u65af\u00b7\u54c8\u5947\u68ee\u624d\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300c\u5e36\u7d66\u6700\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u300d\uff08greatest happiness for the greatest number\uff09\u9019\u4e00\u6a19\u8a9e\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u4f46\u5f8c\u4f86\u5091\u91cc\u7c73\u00b7\u908a\u6c81\u7684\u78ba\u662f\u5728\u95b1\u8b80\u4f11\u8b28\u7684\u300a\u4eba\u6027\u8ad6\u300b\u6642\u624d\u611f\u89ba\u5230\u4e86\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5f37\u70c8\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\uff0c\u4ed6\u63cf\u5beb\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u5f77\u5f7f\u300c\u611f\u89ba\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5929\u5e73\u5f9e\u773c\u775b\u843d\u4e0b\u300d\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4f11\u8b28\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u5176\u5be6\u8207\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6709\u6975\u5927\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u4f11\u8b28\u4e26\u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ee5\u57fa\u6578\u6392\u5e8f\u6240\u805a\u96c6\u7684\u300c\u529f\u5229\u300d\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u771f\u76f8\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff0c\u4f11\u8b28\u62b1\u6301\u7684\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u60c5\u611f\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u7531\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u52a0\u4ee5\u8b49\u5be6\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u539f\u5247\u6703\u88ab\u6211\u5011\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u3001\u4f46\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5247\u4e0d\u6703\uff0c\u800c\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6703\u88ab\u6211\u5011\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u80fd\u4fc3\u9032\u6211\u5011\u672c\u8eab\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u88ab\u6211\u5011\u540c\u60c5\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u4f11\u8b28\u4ee5\u9019\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u89e3\u91cb\u4eba\u985e\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u793e\u6703\u73fe\u8c61\u7684\uff1a\u5f9e\u5404\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u5236\u5ea6\u5230\u653f\u5e9c\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u4e43\u81f3\u65bc\u4eba\u7684\u6027\u683c\u548c\u5929\u5206\u7686\u7136\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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