{"id":118,"date":"2023-08-03T22:00:05","date_gmt":"2023-08-03T14:00:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/book.hgostand.com\/?p=118"},"modified":"2023-09-30T23:30:36","modified_gmt":"2023-09-30T15:30:36","slug":"%e8%8e%b1%e5%b8%83%e5%b0%bc%e8%8c%a8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hjbs.oxoooo.com\/index.php\/2023\/08\/03\/%e8%8e%b1%e5%b8%83%e5%b0%bc%e8%8c%a8\/","title":{"rendered":"\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u751f\u5e73<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6208\u7279\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u00b7\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\uff08\u5fb7\u8a9e\uff1aGottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz\uff0c\u5fb7\u8bed\uff1a[\u02c8\u0261\u0254tf\u0281i\u02d0t \u02c8v\u026alh\u025blm f\u0254n \u02c8la\u026abn\u026ats][1]\u6216 [\u02c8la\u026apn\u026ats][2]\uff1b\u6cd5\u8a9e\uff1aGodefroi Guillaume Leibnitz\uff0c[\u0261\u0254d\u025bf\u0281wa \u0261ijom l\u025bbnits][3]\uff0c1646\u5e747\u67081\u65e5\u20141716\u5e7411\u670814\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5f8b\u5e2b\uff0c\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u5c11\u898b\u7684\u901a\u624d\uff0c\u7d20\u6709\u201c\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u201d\u4e4b\u7f8e\u8b7d\u3002\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u7d93\u5e38\u5f80\u8fd4\u65bc\u5404\u5927\u57ce\u93ae\uff1b\u4ed6\u8a31\u591a\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u985b\u7c38\u7684\u99ac\u8eca\u4e0a\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u81ea\u7a31\u5177\u6709\u7537\u7235\u7684\u8cb4\u65cf\u8eab\u4efd\u3002<br>\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u53f2\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u4e0a\u90fd\u5360\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u548c\u725b\u987f\u5148\u540e\u72ec\u7acb\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u5fae\u79ef\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5fae\u7a4d\u5206\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u7b26\u53f7\u88ab\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u6240\u53d1\u660e\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u88ab\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u66f4\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u66f4\u52a0\u5e7f\u6cdb\u3002\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u8fd8\u5bf9\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u5bf9\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e5f\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u540e\u6765\u6d89\u53ca\u5e7f\u6cdb\u2014\u2014\u5305\u62ec\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u3001\u533b\u5b66\u3001\u5730\u8d28\u5b66\u3001\u6982\u7387\u8bba\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u79d1\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u3001\u6cd5\u5b66\u3001\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u795e\u5b66\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u8bf8\u591a\u65b9\u5411\u90fd\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u8457\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u5bf9\u5982\u6b64\u7e41\u591a\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u5206\u6563\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u5b66\u672f\u671f\u520a\u3001\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u5c01\u4fe1\u4ef6\u3001\u548c\u672a\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u624b\u7a3f\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u56db\u6210\u70ba\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u3001\u4e09\u6210\u70ba\u6cd5\u6587\u3001\u4e00\u6210\u4e94\u70ba\u5fb7\u6587\u3002\u622a\u81f32010\u5e74\uff0c\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4f5c\u54c1\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u6536\u96c6\u5b8c\u5168\u3002[5]2007\u5e74\uff0c\u6208\u7279\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u00b7\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u66a8\u4e0b\u85a9\u514b\u68ee\u5dde\u5dde\u7acb\u5716\u66f8\u8218\u7684\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u624b\u7a3f\u85cf\u54c1\u88ab\u6536\u5165\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u8bb0\u5fc6\u9879\u76ee\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1646\u5e747\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u51fa\u751f\u65bc\u795e\u8056\u7f85\u99ac\u5e1d\u570b\u7684\u840a\u6bd4\u932b\uff0c\u7236\u89aa\u662f\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\uff0c\u6bcd\u89aa\u662f\u51ef\u745f\u7433\u5a1c\u00b7\u65bd\u9a6c\u514b\uff08Catharina Schmuck\uff09\uff0c\u7956\u72363\u4ee3\u4eba\u5747\u66fe\u5728\u85a9\u514b\u68ee\u653f\u5e9c\u4f9b\u8077\u3002\u9577\u5927\u5f8c\uff0c\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u540d\u5b57\u7684\u62fc\u6cd5\u624d\u6539\u6210\u300cLeibniz\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u7fd2\u6163\u5beb\u6210\u300cLeibnitz\u300d\u3002\u665a\u5e74\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7c3d\u540d\u901a\u5e38\u5beb\u6210\u300cvon Leibniz\u300d\uff0c\u4ee5\u793a\u8cb4\u65cf\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u6b7b\u5f8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u624d\u516c\u8af8\u65bc\u4e16\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u540d\u7a31\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u300cFreiherr [Baron] G. W. von Leibniz\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u6c92\u6709\u4eba\u78ba\u5b9a\u4ed6\u662f\u5426\u78ba\u5be6\u6709\u7537\u7235\u7684\u8cb4\u65cf\u982d\u929c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u7684\u7236\u89aa\u662f\u840a\u6bd4\u932b\u5927\u5b78\u7684\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u5728\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u83286\u6b72\u6642\u53bb\u4e16\uff0c\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u79c1\u4eba\u7684\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u3002\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2\u51ef\u745f\u7433\u5a1c\u00b7\u65bd\u9a6c\u514b\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u6559\u6388\u5bb6\u5ead\u3002\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u832812\u5c81\u6642\u81ea\u5b66\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\uff0c\u4e26\u8457\u624b\u5b78\u7fd2\u5e0c\u81d8\u6587\u300214\u6b72\u6642\u9032\u5165\u840a\u6bd4\u932b\u5927\u5b78\u5538\u66f8\uff0c20\u6b72\u6642\u5b8c\u6210\u5b78\u696d\uff0c\u5c08\u653b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u4e00\u822c\u5927\u5b78\u8ab2\u7a0b\u3002\u6210\u4e3a\u5f8b\u5e08\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e3a\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u8482\u5a1c\u5973\u738b\u5728\u8499\u90a3\u5fb7\u91cc\u5e0c\u8c0b\u6740\u6848\u4e2d\u8fa9\u62a4\u30021666\u5e74\u4ed6\u51fa\u7248\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u6709\u95dc\u65bc\u54f2\u5b78\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u66f8\u7c4d\uff0c\u66f8\u540d\u70ba\u300a\u8ad6\u7d44\u5408\u8853\u300b\uff08de arte combinatoria\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>1666\u5e74\uff0c\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u65bc\u963f\u5c14\u7279\u591a\u592b\u5927\u5b66\u62ff\u5230\u535a\u58eb\u5b78\u4f4d\u5f8c\uff0c\u62d2\u7d55\u4e86\u6559\u8077\u7684\u8058\u4efb\uff0c\u4e26\u7d93\u7531\u7576\u6642\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u535a\u56e0\u5821\u7537\u7235\u7684\u4ecb\u7d39\uff0c\u4efb\u8077\u670d\u52d9\u65bc\u7f8e\u8335\u8328\u9078\u4faf\u570b\u7684\u9ad8\u7b49\u6cd5\u5ead\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>1671\u5e74\uff0c\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u767c\u8868\u4e86\u5169\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u300a\u62bd\u8c61\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u300b\uff08Theoria motus abstracti\uff09\u53ca\u300a\u65b0\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u5047\u8aaa\u300b\uff08Hypothesis physica nova\uff09\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u984c\u737b\u7d66\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u9662\u548c\u502b\u6566\u7684\u7687\u5bb6\u5b78\u6703\uff0c\u5728\u7576\u6642\u6b50\u6d32\u5b78\u8853\u754c\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u77e5\u540d\u5ea6\u3002<br>1672\u5e74\uff0c\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u88abJohann Philipp\u6d3e\u81f3\u5df4\u9ece\uff0c\u4ee5\u52d5\u6416\u8def\u6613\u5341\u56db\u5c0d\u5165\u4fb5\u8377\u862d\u53ca\u5176\u5b83\u897f\u6b50\u65e5\u723e\u66fc\u9130\u570b\u7684\u8208\u8da3\uff0c\u4e26\u8f49\u6295\u6ce8\u7cbe\u529b\u65bc\u57c3\u53ca\u3002\u9019\u9805\u653f\u6cbb\u8a08\u756b\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u4f46\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u537b\u9032\u5165\u4e86\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u5708\uff0c\u7d50\u8b58\u4e86\u99ac\u52d2\u4f2f\u6717\u58eb\u548c\u6578\u5b78\u5bb6\u60e0\u66f4\u65af\u7b49\u4eba\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u6642\u671f\u7684\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u7279\u5225\u7814\u7a76\u6578\u5b78\uff0c\u800c\u767c\u660e\u4e86\u5fae\u7a4d\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>1672\u53ca1673\u5e74\uff0cBoineburg\u548cJohann Philipp\u537b\u76f8\u7e7c\u904e\u4e16\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u6700\u5f8c\u65bc1676\u5e74\u96e2\u958b\u5df4\u9ece\u800c\u8f49\u4efb\u8077\u670d\u52d9\u65bc\u6f22\u8afe\u5a01\u7684\u6069\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u5967\u53e4\u65af\u7279\u516c\u7235\u3002\u65bc\u4e0a\u4efb\u6642\uff0c\u9806\u9053\u65bc\u6d77\u7259\u62dc\u8a2a\u65af\u8cd3\u8afe\u838e\uff0c\u8207\u5176\u6578\u5929\u4e00\u540c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u54f2\u5b78\u3002\u4e4b\u5f8c\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u5c31\u5230\u6f22\u8afe\u5a01\u7ba1\u7406\u5716\u66f8\u9928\uff0c\u4e26\u64d4\u4efb\u516c\u7235\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9867\u554f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>1680\u81f31685\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u64d4\u4efb\u54c8\u8328\u5c71\u9280\u7926\u7926\u63a1\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e2b\u3002\u5728\u9019\u671f\u9593\uff0c\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u98a8\u8eca\u8a2d\u8a08\uff0c\u4ee5\u62bd\u53d6\u7926\u5751\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4e0b\u6c34\u3002\u7136\u800c\u53d7\u9650\u65bc\u6280\u8853\u554f\u984c\u548c\u7926\u5de5\u50b3\u7d71\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u963b\u529b\uff0c\u8a08\u756b\u6c92\u6709\u6210\u529f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>1685\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u518d\u53d7\u7e7c\u4efb\u7684\u516c\u7235Ernst August\u6240\u8a17\uff0c\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u5179\u8f49\u800c\u958b\u59cb\u505a\u5176Braunschweig-L\u00fcneburg\u8cb4\u65cf\u65cf\u8b5c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u516c\u7235\u5f85\u4ed6\u6700\u4eb2\u8fd1\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u3002\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u751f\u547d\u662f\u4e3a\u8be5\u5bb6\u65cf\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b66\u672f\u7684\u548c\u673a\u8981\u7684\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u4ed6\u540c\u4ed6\u7684\u4eb2\u738b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u751a\u81f3\u6bd4\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u6d1b\u514b\u540c\u5965\u5170\u6cbb\u4eb2\u738b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u8fd8\u8981\u5bc6\u5207\u3002\u53d7\u516c\u7235\u59d4\u6258\u7684\u5bb6\u65cf\u53f2\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u53bb\u4e16\u524d\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u5b8c\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>1686\u5e74\u5b8c\u6210\u300a\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u8ad6\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>1689\u5e74\u70ba\u5b8c\u6210Braunschweig-L\u00fcneburg\u65cf\u8b5c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u904a\u6b77\u65bc\u7fa9\u5927\u5229\u3002\u5176\u6642\u7d50\u8b58\u8036\u7a4c\u6703\u6d3e\u9063\u65bc\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u50b3\u6559\u58eb\uff0c\u800c\u958b\u59cb\u5c0d\u4e2d\u570b\u4e8b\u7269\u6709\u66f4\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u8208\u8da3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>1695\u5e74\uff0c\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u5728\u671f\u520a\u4e0a\u767c\u8868\u300a\u65b0\u7cfb\u7d71\u300b\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u7684\u95dc\u65bc\u5be6\u9ad4\u9593\u8207\u5fc3\u7269\u9593\u4e4b\u300c\u9810\u5b9a\u548c\u8ae7\u300d\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u88ab\u5ee3\u6cdb\u8a8d\u8b58\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>1700\u5e74\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u8aaa\u670d\u5e03\u862d\u767b\u5821\u9078\u5e1d\u4faf\u8153\u7279\u70c8\u4e09\u4e16\u65bc\u67cf\u6797\u6210\u7acb\u79d1\u5b78\u9662\uff0c\u4e26\u64d4\u4efb\u9996\u4efb\u9662\u9577\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>1704\u5e74\u5b8c\u6210\u300a\u4eba\u985e\u7406\u667a\u65b0\u8ad6\u300b\u3002\u672c\u6587\u91dd\u5c0d\u6d1b\u514b\u7684\u300a\u4eba\u985e\u7406\u667a\u8ad6\u300b\uff0c\u7528\u5c0d\u8a71\u7684\u9ad4\u88c1\uff0c\u9010\u7ae0\u7bc0\u63d0\u51fa\u6279\u8a55\u3002\u7136\u56e0\u6d1b\u514b\u7684\u7a81\u7136\u904e\u4e16\uff0c\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u4e0d\u9858\u88ab\u843d\u5165\u6b3a\u8ca0\u6b7b\u8005\u7684\u53e3\u5be6\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u672c\u66f8\u5728\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u751f\u524d\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u51fa\u7248\u3002<br>1710\u5e74\uff0c\u51fa\u65bc\u5c0d1705\u5e74\u904e\u4e16\u7684\u666e\u9b6f\u58eb\u738b\u540eSophie Charlotte\u7684\u611f\u5ff5\uff0c\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u795e\u7fa9\u8ad6\u300b\uff08Essais de Th\u00e9odic\u00e9e\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>1714\u5e74\u65bc\u7dad\u4e5f\u7d0d\u8457\u5beb\u300a\u55ae\u5b50\u8ad6\u300b\uff08La Monadologie\uff1b\u6a19\u984c\u70ba\u5f8c\u4eba\u6240\u52a0\uff09\u53ca\u300a\u5efa\u7acb\u65bc\u7406\u6027\u4e0a\u4e4b\u81ea\u7136\u8207\u6069\u60e0\u7684\u539f\u7406\u300b\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u516c\u7235\u683c\u5967\u723e\u683c\u4e00\u4e16\u7e7c\u4efb\u70ba\u82f1\u570b\u570b\u738b\uff0c\u537b\u62d2\u7d55\u5c07\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u5e36\u81f3\u502b\u6566\uff0c\u800c\u5c07\u4ed6\u758f\u9060\u65bc\u6f22\u8afe\u5a01\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>1716\u5e7411\u670814\u65e5\u840a\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u65bc\u6f22\u8afe\u5a01\u5b64\u7368\u5730\u904e\u4e16\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u79d8\u66f8\u5916\uff0c\u5373\u4f7fGeorge 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